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如何實現畜禽養殖場種養結合資源化利用

一、實現途徑：

種(zhong)養(yang)結(jie)(jie)合(he)是畜禽(qin)(qin)養(yang)殖場產生的(de)糞(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)污(wu)經無(wu)害(hai)化(hua)處(chu)理(li)后(hou)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)養(yang)分(fen)資源施用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)到農田的(de)一種(zhong)資源化(hua)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)技(ji)術模(mo)式(shi)。畜禽(qin)(qin)養(yang)殖過程中(zhong)產生的(de)糞(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)便(bian)、尿液(ye)和(he)污(wu)水(shui)等(deng)污(wu)染物(wu)通常采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)高溫、好氧或厭(yan)(yan)氧等(deng)技(ji)術殺滅畜禽(qin)(qin)糞(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)污(wu)中(zhong)病原菌(jun)、寄生蟲和(he)雜(za)草(cao)種(zhong)子(zi)，進行無(wu)害(hai)化(hua)處(chu)理(li)。好氧堆(dui)肥(fei)：將畜禽(qin)(qin)糞(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)便(bian)堆(dui)積，在(zai)人工控制水(shui)分(fen)、碳氮比(bi)條件下，在(zai)微生物(wu)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)下使(shi)有(you)機物(wu)被降解(jie),形(xing)成一種(zhong)類(lei)似腐殖質土壤的(de)物(wu)質。厭(yan)(yan)氧發酵：將畜禽(qin)(qin)糞(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)尿污(wu)水(shui)儲存于密閉的(de)空間內(nei)（如沼(zhao)(zhao)氣(qi)池、厭(yan)(yan)氧發酵池等(deng)），利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)厭(yan)(yan)氧菌(jun)或兼性厭(yan)(yan)氧菌(jun)在(zai)無(wu)氧狀態下，將糞(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)污(wu)中(zhong)的(de)有(you)機物(wu)質進行分(fen)解(jie)處(chu)理(li)。糞(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)肥(fei)還田：畜禽(qin)(qin)糞(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)污(wu)通過無(wu)害(hai)化(hua)處(chu)理(li)后(hou)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)肥(fei)料(liao)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)堆(dui)肥(fei)、沼(zhao)(zhao)渣、沼(zhao)(zhao)液(ye)、肥(fei)水(shui)和(he)商品(pin)有(you)機肥(fei)可直接還田,實現(xian)種(zhong)植和(he)養(yang)殖有(you)機結(jie)(jie)合(he),資源化(hua)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。

二、掌握的原則

種(zhong)養(yang)要平衡：采用種(zhong)養(yang)結合利用模式(shi)的(de)養(yang)殖(zhi)場周邊應配套與養(yang)殖(zhi)規模、糞污處(chu)理(li)工藝相(xiang)適應的(de)消(xiao)納土地。按需(xu)(xu)施(shi)肥(fei)(fei):糞肥(fei)(fei)還(huan)田應根據作物種(zhong)類(lei)、需(xu)(xu)肥(fei)(fei)特性、土壤(rang)特征、氣候(hou)條件等因(yin)素合理(li)采用還(huan)田方式(shi)和確定(ding)還(huan)田量，不得對環境(jing)和作物生長造成不良影響。工程配套：種(zhong)養(yang)結合技術包括畜(chu)禽糞污無害化處(chu)理(li)、貯存、輸送(song)、還(huan)田幾(ji)個(ge)技術環節，要有足夠空間配套修建無害化處(chu)理(li)設(she)施(shi)、糞肥(fei)(fei)的(de)儲存設(she)施(shi)，并配套建設(she)糞肥(fei)(fei)輸送(song)、還(huan)田的(de)設(she)施(shi)裝備。

三、技術要求

無(wu)害(hai)化處(chu)理(li)：畜禽(qin)糞污還田(tian)前需進行無(wu)害(hai)化處(chu)理(li),處(chu)理(li)后的糞肥(fei)衛(wei)生學(xue)指標及重金屬指標含(han)量需達到NY525—2012有機肥(fei)料(liao)要(yao)求方可施用。畜禽(qin)固體糞便宜采用好(hao)氧堆(dui)肥(fei)技術進行無(wu)害(hai)化處(chu)理(li)，堆(dui)肥(fei)無(wu)害(hai)化處(chu)理(li)應符合NY525-2012有機肥(fei)料(liao)要(yao)求。

液態糞(fen)(fen)水(shui)宜(yi)采(cai)用(yong)厭氧(yang)發酵進行無(wu)害化處(chu)理(li),液態糞(fen)(fen)水(shui)無(wu)害化指(zhi)標及重金屬限量要求(qiu)應符合(he)NY/T2596-2014沼(zhao)肥的(de)規(gui)定。規(gui)模養殖(zhi)場可(ke)通(tong)過建設沼(zhao)氣工程(cheng)或厭氧(yang)發酵池(chi)密(mi)閉(bi)貯存處(chu)理(li)，常溫發酵處(chu)理(li)夏季(ji)發酵時間要達到(dao)15天以(yi)上(shang)，冬季(ji)發酵時間要達到(dao)30天以(yi)上(shang)。對(dui)于(yu)非規(gui)模畜禽養殖(zhi)戶使用(yong)蓄糞(fen)(fen)池(chi)和田頭調節池(chi)貯存畜禽糞(fen)(fen)污實(shi)現無(wu)害化處(chu)理(li)的(de)，貯存時間要達到(dao)60天以(yi)上(shang)。

四、糞肥貯存

基于(yu)糞污(wu)(wu)產(chan)生的(de)(de)連續性(xing)與作物水(shui)肥需求季節性(xing)的(de)(de)矛盾，需要(yao)配套建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)足夠的(de)(de)糞污(wu)(wu)貯(zhu)存(cun)設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)。其(qi)中，固(gu)體糞便貯(zhu)存(cun)場建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)要(yao)求參考GB/T27622-2011畜(chu)禽糞便貯(zhu)存(cun)設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)要(yao)求設(she)(she)(she)計；污(wu)(wu)水(shui)貯(zhu)存(cun)池建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)要(yao)按(an)照GB/T26624-2011畜(chu)禽養(yang)殖污(wu)(wu)水(shui)貯(zhu)存(cun)設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)設(she)(she)(she)計要(yao)求和NY/T2374—2013沼氣工程沼液沼渣后處理技術規范執(zhi)行(xing)，有條(tiao)件的(de)(de)要(yao)覆膜貯(zhu)存(cun)。貯(zhu)存(cun)設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)容積(ji)設(she)(she)(she)計計算(suan):貯(zhu)存(cun)設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)容積(ji)（廿）=單位畜(chu)禽日糞污(wu)(wu)產(chan)生量(liang)（m3）X貯(zhu)存(cun)周(zhou)(zhou)期（d）X設(she)(she)(she)計存(cun)欄(lan)量(liang)。式中：貯(zhu)存(cun)周(zhou)(zhou)期（d）不(bu)得低(di)于(yu)當地(di)農作物生產(chan)用肥.大(da)間(jian)隔時間(jian)或雨季.長降雨期，液態糞肥一般容量(liang)不(bu)得小于(yu)180天的(de)(de)產(chan)生總量(liang)。

五、糞肥輸送

進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)糞(fen)(fen)肥(fei)施(shi)用(yong)時，應(ying)(ying)根據(ju)養殖(zhi)(zhi)場周邊匹配農(nong)(nong)田(tian)的(de)地(di)形(xing)和位(wei)置(zhi)，配套建設(she)(she)(she)有效的(de)糞(fen)(fen)肥(fei)運(yun)送(song)(song)(song)網(wang)(wang)絡，確保糞(fen)(fen)肥(fei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)到(dao)達(da)需(xu)肥(fei)的(de)農(nong)(nong)田(tian)。無(wu)害化(hua)處(chu)理后的(de)糞(fen)(fen)肥(fei)可通(tong)過管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)網(wang)(wang)或罐車輸送(song)(song)(song)，具(ju)體應(ying)(ying)綜(zong)合(he)考慮(lv)距離因(yin)素、經濟條件等合(he)理確定(ding)輸送(song)(song)(song)方(fang)式。糞(fen)(fen)尿全混的(de)高黏稠糞(fen)(fen)漿宜(yi)用(yong)罐車運(yun)輸，運(yun)輸車需(xu)具(ju)有防(fang)(fang)(fang)滲漏、防(fang)(fang)(fang)流(liu)失和防(fang)(fang)(fang)撒(sa)落等防(fang)(fang)(fang)護措施(shi)。農(nong)(nong)田(tian)與(yu)養殖(zhi)(zhi)場距離較遠（1000m以外），可在(zai)田(tian)間(jian)建設(she)(she)(she)糞(fen)(fen)水農(nong)(nong)田(tian)貯存(cun)池，貯存(cun)池設(she)(she)(she)計應(ying)(ying)具(ju)有防(fang)(fang)(fang)滲漏及(ji)覆蓋防(fang)(fang)(fang)雨安(an)全功能(neng)(neng)(neng)，并(bing)配置(zhi)固定(ding)或流(liu)動(dong)的(de)糞(fen)(fen)肥(fei)還田(tian)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)。采(cai)用(yong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)網(wang)(wang)輸送(song)(song)(song)的(de)液體糞(fen)(fen)肥(fei)應(ying)(ying)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)固液分(fen)離預(yu)處(chu)理，輸送(song)(song)(song)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)應(ying)(ying)具(ju)備(bei)防(fang)(fang)(fang)爆防(fang)(fang)(fang)腐(fu)抗堵等安(an)全功能(neng)(neng)(neng)，推(tui)薦使(shi)用(yong)PE管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)材。輸送(song)(song)(song)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)宜(yi)采(cai)用(yong)埋設(she)(she)(she)方(fang)式，距管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)頂深(shen)度不低于(yu)40cm,裸(luo)露部(bu)分(fen)應(ying)(ying)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)防(fang)(fang)(fang)老化(hua)處(chu)理，管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)網(wang)(wang)應(ying)(ying)布設(she)(she)(she)排水、泄空裝置(zhi)。當輸送(song)(song)(song)距離超過2km時，輸送(song)(song)(song)主管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)內(nei)徑不低于(yu)200mm；當輸送(song)(song)(song)距離超過3km時,需(xu)設(she)(she)(she)置(zhi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)增壓泵。根據(ju)地(di)形(xing)與(yu)施(shi)肥(fei)便捷(jie)的(de)原則(ze)，在(zai)田(tian)間(jian)地(di)頭設(she)(she)(she)置(zhi)預(yu)留施(shi)肥(fei)口并(bing)設(she)(she)(she)閥(fa)門控制，施(shi)肥(fei)軟管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)可用(yong)消防(fang)(fang)(fang)軟管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)，軟管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)長度根據(ju)輸送(song)(song)(song)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)內(nei)沼液壓力大小確定(ding)。

六、農田施用

還田(tian)方式:糞肥(fei)可作為基肥(fei)或追肥(fei)還田(tian)利用。腐熟(shu)后的固體糞肥(fei)作為基肥(fei)一(yi)次(ci)性施用，大田(tian)作物可配套撒肥(fei)機施用。

液(ye)態糞(fen)肥(fei)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)基肥(fei)利用(yong)(yong)時(shi)(shi)，可(ke)選擇漫灌(guan)（適用(yong)(yong)于水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)田(tian)(tian)、大(da)田(tian)(tian)、蔬菜(cai)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)）、溝灌(guan)（適用(yong)(yong)于大(da)田(tian)(tian)、蔬菜(cai)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)）、環狀(zhuang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)（適用(yong)(yong)于多年生(sheng)果(guo)樹）等(deng)方式(shi)；追(zhui)(zhui)肥(fei)依(yi)據(ju)便捷性原(yuan)則(ze)，可(ke)采用(yong)(yong)溝灌(guan)、噴灌(guan)、滴灌(guan)等(deng)方式(shi)。地下水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位較淺區域建議(yi)采用(yong)(yong)噴施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)或(huo)滴灌(guan)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)，防(fang)止(zhi)對(dui)(dui)地下水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)造成影響(xiang)。糞(fen)肥(fei)農(nong)(nong)田(tian)(tian)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)時(shi)(shi)應避開雨季(ji)，宜早晚施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)入裸露農(nong)(nong)田(tian)(tian)后應在24h內翻(fan)耕入土(tu)。還(huan)田(tian)(tian)限量(liang)(liang)：糞(fen)肥(fei)用(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)不能超過作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)當年生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)所需(xu)的(de)養(yang)分(fen)量(liang)(liang)。糞(fen)肥(fei)還(huan)田(tian)(tian)量(liang)(liang)根(gen)據(ju)土(tu)壤(rang)肥(fei)力、作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)預(yu)期(qi)產(chan)量(liang)(liang)，結合糞(fen)肥(fei)中的(de)營養(yang)元素的(de)含量(liang)(liang)、作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)當年或(huo)當季(ji)的(de)利用(yong)(yong)率來計算基施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)或(huo)追(zhui)(zhui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)就(jiu)投加量(liang)(liang)。糞(fen)肥(fei)替代化肥(fei)不宜超過50%化學肥(fei)料(liao)，液(ye)態糞(fen)肥(fei)單(dan)次(ci)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)不宜超過田(tian)(tian)間持水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)，.大(da)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)不得超過60t/畝(mu)（1畝(mu)^666.67m2）o糞(fen)肥(fei)還(huan)田(tian)(tian)在保(bao)障作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)氮(dan)磷養(yang)分(fen)需(xu)要的(de)基礎上(shang)，還(huan)應兼顧對(dui)(dui)其他(ta)養(yang)分(fen)的(de)特殊需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)。應依(yi)據(ju)NY/T1118-2006測土(tu)配(pei)方施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)技術規范(fan)和NY/T496-2010肥(fei)料(liao)合理使用(yong)(yong)準則(ze)通則(ze)要求(qiu)(qiu)，滿足作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)平(ping)衡施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)、優質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)高(gao)產(chan)的(de)要求(qiu)(qiu)。風險(xian)管控：液(ye)態糞(fen)肥(fei)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)農(nong)(nong)田(tian)(tian)與各類功能的(de)地表水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)距離不得小于5m。農(nong)(nong)田(tian)(tian)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)液(ye)態糞(fen)肥(fei)應防(fang)止(zhi)地表徑流，保(bao)證(zheng)其下游.近的(de)灌(guan)溉取(qu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)點的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)符(fu)合GB5084-1992農(nong)(nong)田(tian)(tian)灌(guan)溉水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)準。長(chang)(chang)期(qi)使用(yong)(yong)糞(fen)肥(fei)的(de)土(tu)壤(rang)和作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)應每年進(jin)行(xing)采樣監(jian)測，評估是否存(cun)在重(zhong)金屬積累風險(xian)以及(ji)養(yang)分(fen)失衡情(qing)況(kuang)，指導(dao)矯正施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)。