一、前(qian)期堆(dui)置發酵(jiao)降低(di)水分和激活發酵菌種。含水量高的粘稠原料入槽（比如雞糞等），槽中曝氣系統難以發揮效能，處在厭氧條件下，造成升溫困難，致使好多生產廠家在露地堆放進行晾曬，等含水量降下再入槽發酵。這種做法造成作業場污染，或水分太低不適合發酵條件。實踐證明，物料入槽前在堆放場拌上菌種堆置預處理發酵，可減少污染，激活菌種，適當降低水份，3.當溫度上升到35～40℃,說明(ming)菌(jun)種已(yi)生(sheng)長(chang)繁(fan)殖，如果溫度達(da)不到(dao)可以(yi)再翻(fan)堆一(yi)次(ci)即可。溫度升(sheng)高后，待水分含量已降到(dao)45%左右，入槽進行高溫發酵。1.減少污(wu)染(ran)。原料運到(dao)堆場立刻拌菌發酵(jiao)，很快(kuai)消除惡臭氣，防止蠅蛆(qu)滋生，減少二次(ci)污(wu)染(ran)。2.水(shui)分蒸發快，為槽內發酵(jiao)打(da)下(xia)基礎(chu)。堆(dui)(dui)置(zhi)發酵(jiao)，是處在好氧發酵(jiao)，起(qi)溫快。因是堆(dui)(dui)置(zhi)成梯形料堆，三(san)面蒸發(fa)水(shui)分(fen)，水(shui)分(fen)蒸發(fa)快(kuai)。
3.前期(qi)原料預(yu)處理能(neng)縮短槽(cao)內發(fa)酵(jiao)周期(qi)。通過(guo)堆(dui)置發(fa)酵(jiao)，微生物(wu)(wu)正處在對數生長(chang)旺盛(sheng)期(qi)，以極快的速度生長(chang)繁殖，代謝能(neng)力強，呼吸作用強。入(ru)槽(cao)后(hou)，縮短了微生物(wu)(wu)生長(chang)的緩慢期(qi)(或者(zhe)根本沒有緩慢期(qi))。通過(guo)發(fa)酵(jiao)菌量提高，一般可達1～2億/克，也(ye)產(chan)生了足夠的(de)生物(wu)酶。這一切為槽(cao)內的(de)物(wu)質(zhi)轉化打下(xia)了基(ji)礎。
二、中期槽內發(fa)酵加快了(le)堆肥腐(fu)熟。
經過前期發酵入槽﹑膜及發酵罐的物料，第二(er)天溫(wen)度可達50℃以上。基本上不受季節的限制。一般10～15天即可出槽。但在管理中應注意以下問題。
(一) 定時攪拌，是提高溫度、加快腐熟的關鍵。通過呼吸作用產生大量的熱，使環境溫度升高，高溫微生物生長活動隨著時間的延長，氧氣的減少，受到抑制，溫度下降。通過再次攪拌，溫度暫時下降到.低值，但這時中溫微生物又開始活動，溫度升高，高溫微生物再次活動。機械攪拌為好氧微生物創造了生長繁殖條件，好氧微生物利用氧氣也為厭氧微生物和兼厭氧微生物創造了條件。通過攪拌物料松散，處在好氧條件，隨著好氧微生物對環境氧氣的利用，氧氣在減少，厭氧微生物也開始活動，兼厭氧微生物在有氧和無氧條件下都能繁殖生長。實際通過攪拌和微生物活動使物料處在好氧一厭氧一好氧，使不同呼吸類型的微生物在發酵槽中生長繁殖并產生大量呼吸熱和多種酶，該發酵過程本身就是復合微生物進行微生態發酵和復雜的生化變化過程。(二) 槽及(ji)發酵容(rong)器內物料發酵控制(zhi)溫度(du)是提高(gao)腐熟質量的關鍵。槽內發酵雞糞用槽式翻堆機需每日攪拌一次，不必多次攪拌。利用微生物發酵生產有機肥，實質是利用微生物的呼吸熱和微生物產生的酶腐熟物料的。好氧微生物呼吸能量大，環境溫度提高快。好氧微生物、厭氧微生物和兼厭氧微生物都產生生物酶。因此，槽式微生物發酵肥料，是通過機械攪拌，以好氧微生物為主，放出大量呼吸熱和代謝大量的酶，同時也有厭氧和兼厭氧微生物參加產生多種酶，酶在一定的溫度范圍內分解物質，轉化物質向有益物質方面轉化，消除臭味。以達到腐熟成為優質的肥料。只有在好氧的條件下才產生大量的熱，溫度才升高。因為微生物分為三個呼吸類型，即：好氧呼吸微生物、厭氧呼吸微生物和兼厭氧呼吸微生物。溫度為了搞好有機廢棄物無害化處理和資源化利用，好氧和厭氧微生物在同等條件下的比較：好氧微生物以葡(pu)萄糖為(wei)呼吸基(ji)質：厭氧微生物以葡萄(tao)糖為(wei)呼吸基質：由此可(ke)見，發(fa)酵(jiao)溫度(du)(du)主(zhu)要來自好氧微生物(wu)。因此，槽內發(fa)酵(jiao)需定時攪拌，才能提高溫度(du)(du)。物(wu)料的(de)(de)腐熟，主(zhu)要是(shi)(shi)由酶完成的(de)(de)，酶是(shi)(shi)由微生物(wu)產生的(de)(de)，酶的(de)(de)分解作用，必須在一(yi)定的(de)(de)溫度(du)(du)范圍內進行(xing)(xing)。實(shi)行(xing)(xing)定時攪拌，槽內溫度(du)(du)變化由低(di)溫→高溫→低(di)溫→高溫變化的(de)(de)。一(yi)般(ban)是(shi)(shi)35℃→40℃→55℃→65℃→35℃變化的(de)(de)。微生物(wu)分為低溫微生物、中溫微生物、高溫微生物。開始由中溫好氧微生物生長繁殖。由(you)此可見，發(fa)(fa)酵(jiao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)主要來自好(hao)氧(yang)(yang)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)。因(yin)此，槽內(nei)發(fa)(fa)酵(jiao)需定時(shi)攪拌，才(cai)能提高(gao)(gao)(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)。物(wu)(wu)(wu)料的腐熟(shu)，主要是(shi)由(you)酶(mei)完成(cheng)的，酶(mei)是(shi)由(you)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的，酶(mei)的分(fen)解作(zuo)用(yong)，必(bi)須在(zai)(zai)一定的溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)范圍內(nei)進行。實行定時(shi)攪拌，槽內(nei)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)變化由(you)低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)→高(gao)(gao)(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)→低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)→高(gao)(gao)(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)變化的。一般是(shi)35℃→40℃→55℃→65℃→35℃變化的。微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)分(fen)低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)、中(zhong)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)、高(gao)(gao)(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)。開始由(you)中(zhong)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)好(hao)氧(yang)(yang)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)繁(fan)(fan)殖(zhi)。通過(guo)(guo)呼(hu)吸作(zuo)用(yong)產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)大(da)(da)量的熱(re)，使(shi)環境(jing)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)升(sheng)(sheng)高(gao)(gao)(gao)，高(gao)(gao)(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)活(huo)動(dong)隨著時(shi)間的延長(chang)，氧(yang)(yang)氣(qi)的減少，受(shou)到抑制，溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)下降(jiang)。通過(guo)(guo)再(zai)次攪拌，溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)暫時(shi)下降(jiang)到.低值，但這時(shi)中(zhong)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)又開始活(huo)動(dong)，溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)升(sheng)(sheng)高(gao)(gao)(gao)，高(gao)(gao)(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)再(zai)次活(huo)動(dong)。機械(xie)攪拌為好(hao)氧(yang)(yang)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)創造(zao)了生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)繁(fan)(fan)殖(zhi)條件(jian)，好(hao)氧(yang)(yang)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)利(li)用(yong)氧(yang)(yang)氣(qi)也為厭(yan)氧(yang)(yang)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)和(he)(he)兼厭(yan)氧(yang)(yang)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)創造(zao)了條件(jian)。通過(guo)(guo)攪拌物(wu)(wu)(wu)料松(song)散，處(chu)在(zai)(zai)好(hao)氧(yang)(yang)條件(jian)，隨著好(hao)氧(yang)(yang)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)對環境(jing)氧(yang)(yang)氣(qi)的利(li)用(yong)，氧(yang)(yang)氣(qi)在(zai)(zai)減少，厭(yan)氧(yang)(yang)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)也開始活(huo)動(dong)，兼厭(yan)氧(yang)(yang)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)在(zai)(zai)有氧(yang)(yang)和(he)(he)無氧(yang)(yang)條件(jian)下都能繁(fan)(fan)殖(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)。實際通過(guo)(guo)攪拌和(he)(he)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)活(huo)動(dong)使(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)料處(chu)在(zai)(zai)好(hao)氧(yang)(yang)一厭(yan)氧(yang)(yang)一好(hao)氧(yang)(yang)，使(shi)不同(tong)呼(hu)吸類型的微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)在(zai)(zai)發(fa)(fa)酵(jiao)槽中(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)繁(fan)(fan)殖(zhi)并產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)大(da)(da)量呼(hu)吸熱(re)和(he)(he)多種酶(mei)，該發(fa)(fa)酵(jiao)過(guo)(guo)程本身就是(shi)復合(he)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)進行微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)發(fa)(fa)酵(jiao)和(he)(he)復雜的生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)化變化過(guo)(guo)程。(二)槽內發酵控制溫度是提高腐熟(shu)質(zhi)量的關鍵。控制溫(wen)度的主要措施是通(tong)過攪拌和(he)通(tong)風(feng)。發酵.佳溫(wen)度是55~65℃。大家認(ren)為(wei)溫度越(yue)高越(yue)好，這是(shi)錯誤的(de)認(ren)識，因為(wei)溫度過高，會造成(cheng)氨在沒(mei)有(you)硝化的(de)情(qing)況(kuang)下而(er)作(zuo)為(wei)氣體(ti)跑掉，損失了氮(dan)素，因而(er)溫度不(bu)可太高。有(you)人認(ren)為(wei)起溫越(yue)快越(yue)好，這也(ye)是(shi)錯誤的(de)。如(ru)前所述，在發酵劑的(de)菌種(zhong)中(zhong)有(you)中(zhong)溫和高溫菌種(zhong)組成(cheng)，如(ru)果(guo)菌種(zhong)搭配不(bu)合理，中(zhong)溫微(wei)生物還(huan)沒(mei)有(you)形成(cheng)芽孢(bao)和孢(bao)子(耐高溫)很快進入高溫階段的發酵，會造成大量的中溫微生物的死亡。這樣，中溫微生物產生的酶群少或者沒有，會影響肥料腐熟的質量。生物酶主要是中溫微生物產生的。.好中溫階段(30～45℃)2～3天后再升高到55～65℃為好。所以前期發酵為中溫階段，入槽后進入高溫階段，對成肥有好處。因為中溫微生物經2～3天基本形成芽孢和孢子，再進入高溫階段，這時芽孢和孢子處在休眠期，使之微生物不死亡。（一）是高溫，這在前面已(yi)經提過(guo)。（二）是厭氧發酵(jiao)。其變化為(wei)(wei)：原(yuan)料粗蛋白(bai)在蛋白(bai)酶的作(zuo)用下(xia)(xia)，生成(cheng)多肽和二(er)肽，再進一步水解為(wei)(wei)氨(an)(an)基酸，氨(an)(an)基酸再氧化、還原(yuan)、水解的作(zuo)用下(xia)(xia)脫(tuo)氨(an)(an)。如果在好氧條件下(xia)(xia)蛋白(bai)質分解為(wei)(wei)NH3、CO2、H2S和無機鹽。如果在厭氧條件下，除產生NH3、H2S外，還可形成吲哚、酚類、醇類、胺類以及有機酸等多種化合物，具有腐臭味，稱為腐敗。因此，后期攪拌、通氣更為重要，促使氨化和硝化。再應強調一點，如果氮以硝酸狀態存在時，不進行通風干燥還會反硝化作用，造成氮氣跑掉，養分的損失。
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